# service iptables stop
# setenforce 0
# vi /etc/sysconfig/selinux
SELINUX=disabled

# rpm -Uvh http://ftp.linux.ncsu.edu/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm

# yum install ansible -y

pip install ansible

# vi /etc/profile
添加:
export LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8
export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
export LANGUAGE=en_US.UTF-8
# source /etc/profile

# cd /etc/ansible
# cp hosts hosts.bak
# cat /dev/null > hosts
# vi /etc/ansible/hosts
[webservers]
client01.example.com
client02.example.com
[nginx01]
client01.example.com
[nginx02]
client02.example.com

# yum install ssh* -y
# ssh-keygen -t rsa

# ssh-copy-id -i /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@client01.example.com
# ssh-copy-id -i /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@client02.example.com

# ssh root@client02.example.com

192.168.1.21:2135 定义一个IP为192.168.1.21, SSH端口为2135的主机.

jumper ansible_ssh_port=22 ansible_ssh_host=192.168.1.50 定义一个别名为jumper, SSH端口为22, IP为192.168.1.50的主机. 
组成员主机名称范例:
[webservers]
www[001:006].example.com
[dbservers]
db-[a:f].example.com

[atlanta]
host1 http_port=80 maxRequestsPerChild=808
host2 http_port=8080 maxRequestsPerChild=909
5.定义组变量
[atlanta]
host1
host2

[atlanta:vars]
ntp_server=ntp.atlanta.example.com
proxy=proxy.atlanta.example.com

# ansible webservers -m service -a "name=sshd state=restarted"

# ansible webservers -m command -a "free -m"

# echo "df -h" > ~/test.sh
# ansible webservers -m script -a "~/test.sh"
​```

2. copy模块
实现主控端向目标主机拷贝文件, 类似scp功能.
该实例实现~/test.sh文件至webservers组目标主机/tmp下, 并更新文件owner和group

​```
# ansible webservers -m copy -a "src=~/test.sh dest=/tmp/ owner=root group=root mode=0755"
# ansible webservers -m copy -a "src=~/test.sh dest=/tmp/ owner=root group=root mode=0755"
​```

3. stat模块
获取远程文件状态信息, 包括atime, ctime, mtime, md5, uid, gid等信息.

​```
# ansible webservers -m stat -a "path=/etc/sysctl.conf"
​```

4. get_url模块
实现在远程主机下载指定URL到本地.

​```
# ansible webservers -m get_url -a "url=http://www.showerlee.com dest=/tmp/index.html mode=0400 force=yes"
​```

5. yum模块
Linux包管理平台操作,  常见都会有yum和apt, 此处会调用yum管理模式

​```
# ansible servers -m yum -a "name=curl state=latest"
​```

6. cron模块
远程主机crontab配置

​```
# ansible webservers -m cron -a "name='check dir' hour='5,2' job='ls -alh > /dev/null'"
​```

7. service模块
远程主机系统服务管理

​```
# ansible webservers -m service -a "name=crond state=stopped"
# ansible webservers -m service -a "name=crond state=restarted"
# ansible webservers -m service -a "name=crond state=reloaded"
​```

8. user服务模块
远程主机系统用户管理

​```
添加用户:
# ansible webservers -m user -a "name=johnd comment='John Doe'"
删除用户:
# ansible webservers -m user -a "name=johnd state=absent remove=yes"
​```

## playbook介绍
playbook是一个不同于使用Ansible命令行执行方式的模式, 其功能是将大量命令行配置集成到一起形成一个可定制的多主机配置管理部署工具.
它通过YAML格式定义, 可以实现向多台主机的分发应用部署.
以下给大家详细介绍一个针对nginx嵌套复用结构的
playbook部署实例:

1. 构建目录结构

​```
# cd /etc/ansible/
# mkdir group_vars
# mkdir roles
​```

2. 定义host

​```
# vi /etc/ansible/hosts
[webservers]
client01.example.com
client02.example.com
[nginx01]
client01.example.com
[nginx02]
client02.example.com
​```

3. 定义变量

​```
# vi /etc/ansible/group_vars/nginx01
worker_processes: 4
num_cpus: 4
max_open_file: 65506
root: /data
remote_user: root
# vi /etc/ansible/group_vars/nginx02
worker_processes: 2
num_cpus: 2
max_open_file: 35506
root: /www
remote_user: root
​```
Tips:这里在group_vars下定义的文件名必须对应hosts文件下的group标签, 通过这里定义的不同参数从而部署不同类型的主机配置.

4. 创建roles入口文件

​```
# vi /etc/ansible/site.yml
- hosts: webservers
  roles:
  - base_env
- hosts: nginx01
  roles:
  - nginx01
- hosts: nginx02
  roles:
  - nginx02
​```
Tips: 这里的roles:下的字符串需对应roles目录下的目录名.

5. 定义全局role base_env
创建目录结构

​```
# mkdir -p /etc/ansible/roles/base_env/tasks 
# vi /etc/ansible/roles/base_env/tasks/main.yml
# 将EPEL的yum源配置文件传送到客户端
- name: Create the contains common plays that will run on all nodes 
  copy: src=epel.repo dest=/etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo
- name: Create the GPG key for EPEL
  copy: src=RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6 dest=/etc/pki/rpm-gpg
  
# 关闭SELINUX
- name: test to see if selling is running
  command: getenforce
  register: sestatus
  changed_when: false

# 删除iptables默认规则并保存
- name: remove the default iptables rules
  command: iptables -F
- name: save iptables rules
  command: service iptables save
将对应需要拷贝到远程的文件复制到base_env/files目录下
# mkdir -p  /etc/ansible/roles/base_env/files
# cp /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo /etc/ansible/roles/base_env/files
# cp /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6 /etc/ansible/roles/base_env/files
​```

6. 定义nginx01和ngnix02 role
创建目录结构

​```
# mkdir -p /etc/ansible/roles/nginx{01,02}
# mkdir -p /etc/ansible/roles/nginx01/tasks
# mkdir -p /etc/ansible/roles/nginx02/tasks
# vi /etc/ansible/roles/nginx01/tasks/main.yml
 # 安装nginx最新版本
- name: ensure nginx is at the latest version
  yum: pkg=nginx state=latest

# 将nginx配置文件传送到远程目录
- name: write the nginx config file
  template: src=nginx.conf dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
  notify: restart nginx # 重启nginx

# 创建nginx根目录
- name: Create Web Root
  file: dest={{ root }} mode=775 state=directory owner=nginx group=nginx
  notify: reload nginx
- name: ensure nginx is running
  service: name=nginx state=restarted
# cp /home/ansible/roles/nginx01/tasks/main.yml /home/ansible/roles/nginx02/tasks/main.yml
​```

7. 定义files

​```
# mkdir -p /etc/ansible/roles/nginx01/templates
# mkdir -p /etc/ansible/roles/nginx02/templates
# vi /etc/ansible/roles/nginx01/templates/nginx.conf
# For more information on configuration, see: 

user              nginx;  
worker_processes  {{ worker_processes }};  
{% if num_cpus == 2 %}  
worker_cpu_affinity 01 10;  
{% elif num_cpus == 4 %}  
worker_cpu_affinity 1000 0100 0010 0001;  
{% elif num_cpus >= 8 %}  
worker_cpu_affinity 00000001 00000010 00000100 00001000 00010000 00100000 01000000 10000000;  
{% else %}  
worker_cpu_affinity 1000 0100 0010 0001;  
{% endif %}  
worker_rlimit_nofile {{ max_open_file }};  
  
error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log;  
#error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log  notice;  
#error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log  info;  
  
pid        /var/run/nginx.pid;  
  
events {  
    worker_connections  {{ max_open_file }};  
}  
  
  
http {  
    include       /etc/nginx/mime.types;  
    default_type  application/octet-stream;  
  
    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '  
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '  
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';  
  
    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;  
  
    sendfile        on;  
    #tcp_nopush     on;  
  
    #keepalive_timeout  0;  
    keepalive_timeout  65;  
  
    #gzip  on;  
      
    # Load config files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory  
    # The default server is in conf.d/default.conf  
    #include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;  
    server {  
        listen       80 default_server;  
        server_name  _;  
  
        #charset koi8-r;  
  
        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;  
  
        location / {  
            root   {{ root }};  
            index  index.html index.htm;  
        }  
  
        error_page  404              /404.html;  
        location = /404.html {  
            root   /usr/share/nginx/html;  
        }  
  
        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html  
        #  
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;  
        location = /50x.html {  
            root   /usr/share/nginx/html;  
        }  
  
    }  
  
} 
​```
Tip: worker_processes, num_cpus, max_open_file, root等参数会调用group_vars目录下配置文件中相应的变量值

​```
# cp /etc/ansible/roles/nginx01/templates/nginx.conf  /etc/ansible/roles/nginx02/templates/nginx.conf
​```

8. 执行playbook

​```
# ansible-playbook -i /etc/ansible/hosts /etc/ansible/site.yml -f 10
​```
Tips: -f 为启动10个并行进程执行playbook, -i 定义inventory host文件, site.yml 为入口文件 

最终部署目录结构如下
​```
# tree /etc/ansible/
/etc/ansible/
├── ansible.cfg
├── group_vars
│   ├── nginx01
│   └── nginx02
├── hosts
├── hosts.bak
├── roles
│   ├── base_env
│   │   ├── files
│   │   │   ├── epel.repo
│   │   │   └── RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6
│   │   └── tasks
│   │       └── main.yml
│   ├── nginx01
│   │   ├── tasks
│   │   │   └── main.yml
│   │   └── templates
│   │       └── nginx.conf
│   └── nginx02
│       ├── tasks
│       │   └── main.yml
│       └── templates
│           └── nginx.conf
└── site.yml

11 directories, 13 files
​```

yum install -y epel-release
yum install -y python-pip sshpass

pip install --upgrade pip
pip install ansible

ansible 2.4.2.0

vim ssh-addkey.yml 

# ssh-addkey.yml 
---
- hosts: s1
  gather_facts: no

  tasks:

  - name: install ssh key
    authorized_key: user=root 
                    key="{{ lookup('file', '/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub') }}" 
                    state=present

ssh-keygen -f pemkey -m PEM -t ed25519

cd /application/tomcat/

tree -L 1
.
├── bin         #→用以启动、关闭Tomcat或者其它功能的脚本（.bat文件和.sh文件）
├── conf        #→用以配置Tomcat的XML及DTD文件
├── lib         #→存放web应用能访问的JAR包
├── LICENSE
├── logs        #→Catalina和其它Web应用程序的日志文件
├── NOTICE
├── RELEASE-NOTES
├── RUNNING.txt
├── temp        #→临时文件
├── webapps     #→Web应用程序根目录
└── work        #→用以产生有JSP编译出的Servlet的.java和.class文件
7 directories, 4 files

cd webapps/

ll

total 20
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 4096 Oct  5 12:09 docs     #→tomcat帮助文档
drwxr-xr-x  6 root root 4096 Oct  5 12:09 examples #→web应用实例
drwxr-xr-x  5 root root 4096 Oct  5 12:09 host-manager #→管理
drwxr-xr-x  5 root root 4096 Oct  5 12:09 manager  #→管理
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 Oct  5 12:09 ROOT     #→默认网站根目录

[root@tomcat ~]# vim /application/tomcat/conf/tomcat-users.xml
…………
<role rolename="manager-gui"/>
<role rolename="admin-gui"/>
<user username="tomcat" password="tomcat" roles="manager-gui,admin-gui"/>
</tomcat-users>  #→在此行前加入上面三行
[root@tomcat ~]# /application/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh
[root@tomcat ~]# /application/tomcat/bin/startup.sh

[root@tomcat webapps]# pwd
/application/tomcat/webapps
[root@tomcat webapps]# rz  #→上传memtest.war，此文件也在上面的百度网盘里
[root@tomcat webapps]# ls
docs  examples  host-manager  manager  memtest  memtest.war  ROOT

[root@tomcat ~]# vim /application/tomcat/conf/server.xml
      <Host name="localhost"  appBase="webapps"
            unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
         <Context path="" docBase="/application/tomcat/webapps/memtest" debug="0" reloadable="false" crossContext="true"/>
[root@tomcat ~]# /application/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh
[root@tomcat ~]# /application/tomcat/bin/startup.sh

[root@tomcat application]# mkdir -p /data/www/www/ROOT
[root@tomcat application]# cp /application/tomcat/webapps/memtest/meminfo.jsp /data/www/www/ROOT/
[root@tomcat ~]# sed -i '22s#8005#8011#;69s#8080#8081#;123s#appBase=".*"# appBase="/data/www/www"#' /application/tomcat8_1/conf/server.xml
[root@tomcat ~]# sed -i '22s#8005#8012#;69s#8080#8082#;123s#appBase=".*"# appBase="/data/www/www"#' /application/tomcat8_2/conf/server.xml
[root@tomcat ~]# diff /application/tomcat/conf/server.xml  /application/tomcat8_1/conf/server.xml   
22c22
< <Server port="8005" shutdown="SHUTDOWN">
---
> <Server port="8011" shutdown="SHUTDOWN">
69c69
<     <Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
---
>     <Connector port="8081" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
123c123
<       <Host name="localhost"  appBase="/application/tomcat/webapps/memtest"
---
>       <Host name="localhost"   appBase="/data/www/www"
[root@tomcat ~]# diff /application/tomcat/conf/server.xml  /application/tomcat8_2/conf/server.xml
22c22
< <Server port="8005" shutdown="SHUTDOWN">
---
> <Server port="8012" shutdown="SHUTDOWN">
69c69
<     <Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
---
>     <Connector port="8082" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
123c123
<       <Host name="localhost"  appBase="/application/tomcat/webapps/memtest"
---
>       <Host name="localhost"    appBase="/data/www/www"

for i in {1..2};do /application/tomcat8_$i/bin/startup.sh;done
netstat -tunlp|grep java

[root@tomcat ~]# vim /application/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    upstream web_pools {
        server 127.0.0.1:8081;
        server 127.0.0.1:8082;
        }
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;
        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.jsp index.html index.htm;
            proxy_pass http://web_pools;
        }
     }
[root@tomcat ~]# /application/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
[root@tomcat ~]# /application/nginx/sbin/nginx

<Connector  port="8081" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
           connectionTimeout="6000" enableLookups="false" acceptCount="800"
           redirectPort="8443" />

优化catalina.sh配置文件。在catalina.sh配置文件中添加以下代码：
JAVA_OPTS="-Djava.awt.headless=true -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -server -Xms1024m -Xmx1024m -XX:NewSize=512m -XX:MaxNewSize=512m -XX:PermSize=512m -XX:MaxPermSize=512m"
server:一定要作为第一个参数，在多个CPU时性能佳
-Xms：初始堆内存Heap大小，使用的最小内存,cpu性能高时此值应设的大一些
-Xmx：初始堆内存heap最大值，使用的最大内存
上面两个值是分配JVM的最小和最大内存，取决于硬件物理内存的大小，建议均设为物理内存的一半。
-XX:PermSize:设定内存的永久保存区域
-XX:MaxPermSize:设定最大内存的永久保存区域
-XX:MaxNewSize:
-Xss 15120 这使得JBoss每增加一个线程（thread)就会立即消耗15M内存，而最佳值应该是128K,默认值好像是512k.
+XX:AggressiveHeap 会使得 Xms没有意义。这个参数让jvm忽略Xmx参数,疯狂地吃完一个G物理内存,再吃尽一个G的swap。
-Xss：每个线程的Stack大小
-verbose:gc 现实垃圾收集信息
-Xloggc:gc.log 指定垃圾收集日志文件
-Xmn：young generation的heap大小，一般设置为Xmx的3、4分之一
-XX:+UseParNewGC ：缩短minor收集的时间
-XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC ：缩短major收集的时间

# JAVA_HOME start
export JAVA_HOME="$(/usr/libexec/java_home -v 1.8.0_144)"
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
export CLASSPATH=$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar:$JAVA_HOME/lib/dt.jar:.
export CLASS_PATH=$JAVA_HOME/lib
# JAVA_HOME end

[root@linux-node1 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS release 6.7 (Final)
[root@linux-node1 ~]# uname -r
2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64
[root@linux-node1 ~]# getenforce
Disabled
[root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/iptables status
iptables: Firewall is not running.
[root@linux-node1 ~]# ifconfig eth0|awk -F "[ :]+" 'NR==2 {print $4}'
10.0.0.7
[root@linux-node1 ~]# hostname
linux-node1.example.com
# 配置阿里云的epel源
[root@linux-node1 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-6.rep

[root@linux-node1 ~]# yum -y install cobbler cobbler-web dhcp tftp-server pykickstart httpd
[root@linux-node1 ~]# rpm -ql cobbler  # 查看安装的文件，下面列出部分。
/etc/cobbler                  # 配置文件目录
/etc/cobbler/settings         # cobbler主配置文件，这个文件是YAML格式，Cobbler是python写的程序。
/etc/cobbler/dhcp.template    # DHCP服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/tftpd.template   # tftp服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/rsync.template   # rsync服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/iso              # iso模板配置文件目录
/etc/cobbler/pxe              # pxe模板文件目录
/etc/cobbler/power            # 电源的配置文件目录
/etc/cobbler/users.conf       # Web服务授权配置文件
/etc/cobbler/users.digest     # 用于web访问的用户名密码配置文件
/etc/cobbler/dnsmasq.template # DNS服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/modules.conf     # Cobbler模块配置文件
/var/lib/cobbler              # Cobbler数据目录
/var/lib/cobbler/config       # 配置文件
/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts   # 默认存放kickstart文件
/var/lib/cobbler/loaders      # 存放的各种引导程序
/var/www/cobbler              # 系统安装镜像目录
/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror    # 导入的系统镜像列表
/var/www/cobbler/images       # 导入的系统镜像启动文件
/var/www/cobbler/repo_mirror  # yum源存储目录
/var/log/cobbler              # 日志目录
/var/log/cobbler/install.log  # 客户端系统安装日志
/var/log/cobbler/cobbler.log  # cobbler日志

[root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/httpd restart
停止 httpd：                                               [失败]
正在启动 httpd：                                           [确定]
[root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/cobblerd start
Starting cobbler daemon:                                   [确定]
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler check  # 检查Cobbler的配置，如果看不到下面的结果，再次执行/etc/init.d/cobblerd restart
The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:
1 : The 'server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than localhost, or kickstarting features will not work.  This should be a resolvable hostname or IP for the boot server as reachable by all machines that will use it.
2 : For PXE to be functional, the 'next_server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than 127.0.0.1, and should match the IP of the boot server on the PXE network.
3 : some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely.  Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is the easiest way to resolve these requirements.
4 : change 'disable' to 'no' in /etc/xinetd.d/rsync
5 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories
6 : The default password used by the sample templates for newly installed machines (default_password_crypted in /etc/cobbler/settings) is still set to 'cobbler' and should be changed, try: "openssl passwd -1 -salt 'random-phrase-here' 'your-password-here'" to generate new one
7 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them
Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.
# 看着上面的结果，一个一个解决。
# 第1、2、6个问题，顺便修改其他功能
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cp /etc/cobbler/settings{,.ori}  # 备份
# server，Cobbler服务器的IP。
sed -i 's/server: 127.0.0.1/server: 10.0.0.7/' /etc/cobbler/settings
# next_server，如果用Cobbler管理DHCP，修改本项，作用不解释，看kickstart。
sed -i 's/next_server: 127.0.0.1/next_server: 10.0.0.7/' /etc/cobbler/settings
# 用Cobbler管理DHCP
sed -i 's/manage_dhcp: 0/manage_dhcp: 1/' /etc/cobbler/settings
# 防止循环装系统，适用于服务器第一启动项是PXE启动。
sed -i 's/pxe_just_once: 0/pxe_just_once: 1/' /etc/cobbler/settings
# 设置新装系统的默认root密码123456。下面的命令来源于提示6。random-phrase-here为干扰码，可以自行设定。
[root@linux-node1 ~]# openssl passwd -1 -salt 'oldboy' '123456'
$1$oldboy$Npg9Pt9k98Mlg0ZeqHAuN1
[root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/settings 
default_password_crypted: "$1$oldboy$Npg9Pt9k98Mlg0ZeqHAuN1" 
# 第3个问题
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler get-loaders  # 会自动从官网下载
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cd /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/  # 下载的内容
[root@linux-node1 loaders]# ls
COPYING.elilo     COPYING.yaboot  grub-x86_64.efi  menu.c32    README
COPYING.syslinux  elilo-ia64.efi  grub-x86.efi     pxelinux.0  yaboot
# 第4个问题
[root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/xinetd.d/rsync
disable = no
[root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/xinetd restart
停止 xinetd：                                              [确定]
正在启动 xinetd：                                          [确定]
[root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/cobblerd restart
Stopping cobbler daemon:                                   [确定]
Starting cobbler daemon:                                   [确定]
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler check
The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:
1 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories  # 和debian系统相关，不需要
2 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them # fence设备相关，不需要
Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.

# 修改cobbler的dhcp模版，不要直接修改dhcp本身的配置文件，因为cobbler会覆盖。
[root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template 
# 仅列出修改过的字段
……
subnet 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
     option routers             10.0.0.2;
     option domain-name-servers 10.0.0.2;
     option subnet-mask         255.255.255.0;
     range dynamic-bootp        10.0.0.100 10.0.0.200;
……

# 同步最新cobbler配置，它会根据配置自动修改dhcp等服务。
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler sync   # 同步所有配置，可以仔细看一下sync做了什么。
task started: 2015-12-03_204822_sync
task started (id=Sync, time=Thu Dec  3 20:48:22 2015)
running pre-sync triggers
cleaning trees
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/images
copying bootloaders
trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/pxelinux.0 -> /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.0
copying: /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/pxelinux.0 -> /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.0
trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/menu.c32 -> /var/lib/tftpboot/menu.c32
trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/yaboot -> /var/lib/tftpboot/yaboot
trying hardlink /usr/share/syslinux/memdisk -> /var/lib/tftpboot/memdisk
trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86.efi -> /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86.efi
trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86_64.efi -> /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86_64.efi
copying distros to tftpboot
copying images
generating PXE configuration files
generating PXE menu structure
rendering DHCP files
generating /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
rendering TFTPD files
generating /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
cleaning link caches
running post-sync triggers
running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/*
running python trigger cobbler.modules.sync_post_restart_services
running: dhcpd -t -q
received on stdout: 
received on stderr: 
running: service dhcpd restart
received on stdout: 关闭 dhcpd：[确定]
正在启动 dhcpd：[确定]
received on stderr: 
running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/*
running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/*
running python trigger cobbler.modules.scm_track
running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/*
*** TASK COMPLETE ***
# 再看一下dhcp的配置文件。
[root@linux-node1 ~]# less /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
# ******************************************************************
# Cobbler managed dhcpd.conf file
# generated from cobbler dhcp.conf template (Thu Dec  3 12:48:23 2015)
# Do NOT make changes to /etc/dhcpd.conf. Instead, make your changes
# in /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template, as /etc/dhcpd.conf will be
# overwritten.
# ******************************************************************
ddns-update-style interim;
…………

# 启动相关服务并设置开机启动(可选) 与第二种方法二选一
chkconfig httpd on
chkconfig xinetd on
chkconfig cobblerd on
chkconfig dhcpd on
/etc/init.d/httpd restart
/etc/init.d/xinetd restart
/etc/init.d/cobblerd restart
/etc/init.d/dhcpd restart
# 编写Cobbler相关服务启动脚本(可选)
cat >>/etc/init.d/cobbler<<EOF
#!/bin/bash
# chkconfig: 345 80 90
# description:cobbler
case \$1 in
  start)
    /etc/init.d/httpd start
    /etc/init.d/xinetd start
    /etc/init.d/dhcpd start
    /etc/init.d/cobblerd start
    ;;
  stop)
    /etc/init.d/httpd stop
    /etc/init.d/xinetd stop
    /etc/init.d/dhcpd stop
    /etc/init.d/cobblerd stop
    ;;
  restart)
    /etc/init.d/httpd restart
    /etc/init.d/xinetd restart
    /etc/init.d/dhcpd restart
    /etc/init.d/cobblerd restart
    ;;
  status)
    /etc/init.d/httpd status
    /etc/init.d/xinetd status
    /etc/init.d/dhcpd status
    /etc/init.d/cobblerd status
    ;;
  sync)
    cobbler sync
    ;;
  *)
    echo "Input error,please in put 'start|stop|restart|status|sync'!"
    exit 2
    ;;
esac
EOF
# chmod +x /etc/init.d/cobbler
# chkconfig cobbler on

[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler
usage
=====
cobbler <distro|profile|system|repo|image|mgmtclass|package|file> ... 
        [add|edit|copy|getks*|list|remove|rename|report] [options|--help]
cobbler <aclsetup|buildiso|import|list|replicate|report|reposync|sync|validateks|version|signature|get-loaders|hardlink> [options|--help]
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler import --help  # 导入镜像
Usage: cobbler [options]
Options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  --arch=ARCH           OS architecture being imported
  --breed=BREED         the breed being imported
  --os-version=OS_VERSION
                        the version being imported
  --path=PATH           local path or rsync location
  --name=NAME           name, ex 'RHEL-5'
  --available-as=AVAILABLE_AS
                        tree is here, don't mirror
  --kickstart=KICKSTART_FILE
                        assign this kickstart file
  --rsync-flags=RSYNC_FLAGS
                        pass additional flags to rsync
cobbler check    核对当前设置是否有问题
cobbler list     列出所有的cobbler元素
cobbler report   列出元素的详细信息
cobbler sync     同步配置到数据目录,更改配置最好都要执行下
cobbler reposync 同步yum仓库
cobbler distro   查看导入的发行版系统信息
cobbler system   查看添加的系统信息
cobbler profile  查看配置信息

[root@linux-node1 ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/  # 挂载CentOS7的系统镜像。
# 导入系统镜像
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler import --path=/mnt/ --name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64 --arch=x86_64
# --path 镜像路径
# --name 为安装源定义一个名字
# --arch 指定安装源是32位、64位、ia64, 目前支持的选项有: x86│x86_64│ia64
# 安装源的唯一标示就是根据name参数来定义，本例导入成功后，安装源的唯一标示就是：CentOS-7.1-x86_64，如果重复，系统会提示导入失败。
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler distro list  # 查看镜像列表
   CentOS-7.1-x86_64
# 镜像存放目录，cobbler会将镜像中的所有安装文件拷贝到本地一份，放在/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror下的CentOS-7.1-x86_64目录下。因此/var/www/cobbler目录必须具有足够容纳安装文件的空间。
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cd /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/
[root@linux-node1 ks_mirror]# ls
CentOS-7.1-x86_64  config
[root@linux-node1 ks_mirror]# ls CentOS-7.1-x86_64/
CentOS_BuildTag  GPL       LiveOS    RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
EFI              images    Packages  RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7
EULA             isolinux  repodata  TRANS.TBL

# Cobbler的ks.cfg文件存放位置
[root@linux-node1 ks_mirror]# cd /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/
[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# ls  # 自带很多
default.ks    install_profiles  sample_autoyast.xml  sample_esxi4.ks  sample_old.seed
esxi4-ks.cfg  legacy.ks         sample_end.ks（默认使用的ks文件）        sample_esxi5.ks  sample.seed
esxi5-ks.cfg  pxerescue.ks      sample_esx4.ks       sample.ks
[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# rz  # 上传准备好的ks文件
rz waiting to receive.
Starting zmodem transfer.  Press Ctrl+C to cancel.
Transferring Cobbler-CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg...
  100%       1 KB       1 KB/sec    00:00:01       0 Errors
[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# mv Cobbler-CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg
# 在第一次导入系统镜像后，Cobbler会给镜像指定一个默认的kickstart自动安装文件在/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts下的sample_end.ks。
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler list
distros:
   CentOS-7.1-x86_64
profiles:
   CentOS-7.1-x86_64
systems:
repos:
images:
mgmtclasses:
packages:
files:
# 查看安装镜像文件信息
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler distro report --name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64
Name                           : CentOS-7.1-x86_64
Architecture                   : x86_64
TFTP Boot Files                : {}
Breed                          : redhat
Comment                        : 
Fetchable Files                : {}
Initrd                         : /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.1-x86_64/images/pxeboot/initrd.img
Kernel                         : /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.1-x86_64/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz
Kernel Options                 : {}
Kernel Options (Post Install)  : {}
Kickstart Metadata             : {'tree': 'http://@@http_server@@/cblr/links/CentOS-7.1-x86_64'}
Management Classes             : []
OS Version                     : rhel7
Owners                         : ['admin']
Red Hat Management Key         : <<inherit>>
Red Hat Management Server      : <<inherit>>
Template Files                 : {}
# 查看所有的profile设置
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler profile report
# 查看指定的profile设置
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64
Name                           : CentOS-7.1-x86_64
TFTP Boot Files                : {}
Comment                        : 
DHCP Tag                       : default
Distribution                   : CentOS-7.1-x86_64
Enable gPXE?                   : 0
Enable PXE Menu?               : 1
Fetchable Files                : {}
Kernel Options                 : {}
Kernel Options (Post Install)  : {}
Kickstart                      : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks  -->默认ks文件
Kickstart Metadata             : {}
Management Classes             : []
Management Parameters          : <<inherit>>
Name Servers                   : []
Name Servers Search Path       : []
Owners                         : ['admin']
Parent Profile                 : 
Internal proxy                 : 
Red Hat Management Key         : <<inherit>>
Red Hat Management Server      : <<inherit>>
Repos                          : []
Server Override                : <<inherit>>
Template Files                 : {}
Virt Auto Boot                 : 1
Virt Bridge                    : xenbr0
Virt CPUs                      : 1
Virt Disk Driver Type          : raw
Virt File Size(GB)             : 5
Virt Path                      : 
Virt RAM (MB)                  : 512
Virt Type                      : kvm
# 编辑profile，修改关联的ks文件
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg
# 修改安装系统的内核参数，在CentOS7系统有一个地方变了，就是网卡名变成eno16777736这种形式，但是为了运维标准化，我们需要将它变成我们常用的eth0，因此使用下面的参数。但要注意是CentOS7才需要下面的步骤，CentOS6不需要。
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-7.1-x86_64 --kopts='net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0'
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler profile report CentOS-7.1-x86_64
Name                           : CentOS-7.1-x86_64
TFTP Boot Files                : {}
Comment                        : 
DHCP Tag                       : default
Distribution                   : CentOS-7.1-x86_64
Enable gPXE?                   : 0
Enable PXE Menu?               : 1
Fetchable Files                : {}
Kernel Options                 : {'biosdevname': '0', 'net.ifnames': '0'}
Kernel Options (Post Install)  : {}
Kickstart                      : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg
Kickstart Metadata             : {}
Management Classes             : []
Management Parameters          : <<inherit>>
Name Servers                   : []
Name Servers Search Path       : []
Owners                         : ['admin']
Parent Profile                 : 
Internal proxy                 : 
Red Hat Management Key         : <<inherit>>
Red Hat Management Server      : <<inherit>>
Repos                          : []
Server Override                : <<inherit>>
Template Files                 : {}
Virt Auto Boot                 : 1
Virt Bridge                    : xenbr0
Virt CPUs                      : 1
Virt Disk Driver Type          : raw
Virt File Size(GB)             : 5
Virt Path                      : 
Virt RAM (MB)                  : 512
Virt Type                      : kvm
# 每次修改完都要同步一次
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler sync

#修改Cobbler提示
[root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/pxe/pxedefault.template
MENU TITLE Cobbler | http://www.zyops.com
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler sync # 修改配置都要同步

文件大部分参数含义见kickstart文章，此处只讲一些不同的地方。同时可以参考模板文件。
[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# cat CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg
# Cobbler for Kickstart Configurator for CentOS 7.1 by yao zhang
install
url --url=$tree  # 这些$开头的变量都是调用配置文件里的值。
text
lang en_US.UTF-8
keyboard us
zerombr
bootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=sda --append="crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet"
# Network information
$SNIPPET('network_config')
timezone --utc Asia/Shanghai
authconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512
rootpw  --iscrypted $default_password_crypted
clearpart --all --initlabel
part /boot --fstype xfs --size 1024  # CentOS7系统磁盘默认格式xfs
part swap --size 1024
part / --fstype xfs --size 1 --grow
firstboot --disable
selinux --disabled
firewall --disabled
logging --level=info
reboot
%pre
$SNIPPET('log_ks_pre')
$SNIPPET('kickstart_start')
$SNIPPET('pre_install_network_config')
# Enable installation monitoring
$SNIPPET('pre_anamon')
%end
%packages
@base
@compat-libraries
@debugging
@development
tree
nmap
sysstat
lrzsz
dos2unix
telnet
iptraf
ncurses-devel
openssl-devel
zlib-devel
OpenIPMI-tools
screen
%end
%post
systemctl disable postfix.service
%end

cobbler system add --name=oldboy --mac=00：0C：29：7F：2F：A1 --profile=CentOS-7.1-x86_64 --ip-address=10.0.0.111 --subnet=255.255.255.0 --gateway=10.0.0.2 --interface=eth0 --static=1 --hostname=oldboy.example.com --name-servers="114.114.114.114 8.8.8.8"
# --name 自定义，但不能重复
# 查看定义的列表
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler system list
   oldboy
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler sync

/etc/cobbler/users.conf       # Web服务授权配置文件
/etc/cobbler/users.digest     # 用于web访问的用户名密码配置文件
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cat /etc/cobbler/users.digest
cobbler:Cobbler:a2d6bae81669d707b72c0bd9806e01f3
# 设置Cobbler web用户登陆密码
# 在Cobbler组添加cobbler用户，提示输入2遍密码确认
[root@linux-node1 ~]# htdigest /etc/cobbler/users.digest "Cobbler" cobbler
Changing password for user cobbler in realm Cobbler
New password: 123456
Re-type new password:123456
[root@linux-node1 ~]# cobbler sync
[root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/httpd restart
停止 httpd：                                               [确定]
正在启动 httpd：                                           [确定]
[root@linux-node1 ~]# /etc/init.d/cobblerd restart
Stopping cobbler daemon:                                   [确定]
Starting cobbler daemon:                                   [确定]

& 按位与 5 & 3 得到 1
| 按位或 5 | 3 得到 7
^ 按位异或 5 ^ 3 得到 6
~ 按位翻转 ~5 得到 -6 
< 小于
> 大于　
<= 小于等于
>= 大于等于
== 等于
!= 不等于
not 不是
and 并且
or 或着

位移 << >>
a = 10000
a<<10

a>>10

讲的不明所以

__init__.py
文件、模块与包
编码问题
#!
导入
import
from import